Question 1

What payment terms should I offer a buyer I have not dealt with before?

Accepted Answer

Something that splits the risk. A deposit with the balance against shipping documents is the common first-order structure; a documentary letter of credit suits larger values, provided you check that every document it calls for is one you can actually produce within the dates it sets. Documents against payment gives more protection than documents against acceptance. Reserve open account terms for buyers with a payment history, and where you do want to extend credit to a new buyer, credit insurance is usually cheaper than the discount you would give for cash in advance.

Question 2

What documents will the importer need from me?

Accepted Answer

A commercial invoice, a packing list and the transport document are the routine core. Beyond that it depends on the destination market and can include a certificate of origin or a preferential origin declaration under a trade agreement, an inspection or analysis certificate, a sanitary or phytosanitary certificate, a fumigation certificate, a conformity or test report, or an import licence the buyer obtains themselves. Ask the buyer to list what they need, confirm which of those you can issue, and make sure the description, value, consignee and marks agree across every document.

Question 3

The quantity asked for is far above or below what I can supply. Should I still reply?

Accepted Answer

Yes, and say so plainly. If it is below your minimum, state your minimum and offer the nearest quantity you can serve, with the reason, since a buyer testing the market often has a larger requirement behind the first one. If it is far above your capacity, offer a part of it against a stated delivery schedule rather than declining or overcommitting. Both replies are normal commercial answers. Silence and a quiet overcommitment are the two responses that cost you the relationship.

Question 4

Why do buyers go quiet after the first quotation?

Accepted Answer

Most often because the quotation could not be compared. If the unit, the Incoterm or the validity is missing, the buyer cannot line you up against the others and moves on. The next most common reasons are a lead time that misses their season, a minimum order quantity above what they asked for that was not explained, and a missing certification their market requires. A short follow-up that asks which of those it was, rather than repeating the offer, gets an answer often enough to be worth sending once.

Question 5

Does my HS code have to match the buyer's?

Accepted Answer

They frequently differ, and it is the buyer's import classification that sets the duty. The first six digits are harmonised internationally, but each country adds its own further digits, and the same goods can legitimately sit under different national subheadings. Confirm the code the buyer intends to use before shipment, because a mismatch between your export declaration and their import entry causes delays and can trigger a query on value. Where the classification is open to argument, the buyer can apply for a binding or advance ruling in their own country.

Question 6

Should I send free samples?

Accepted Answer

Send a sample when there is a specific requirement behind it and the buyer has given you enough commercial detail to price against. Charging for the sample and the courier, and offering to credit that cost against a first order, filters out sample collectors without insulting a serious buyer. Distinguish a stock sample, which shows what you normally make, from a pre-production sample made to the buyer's specification, which is the one worth formally approving. Keep a sealed, dated counter-sample so there is a physical reference if the shipment is later disputed.

Question 7

A buyer wants exclusivity or a distributorship. How should I handle it?

Accepted Answer

Treat exclusivity as something bought with volume, not granted with hope. If you agree to it, tie it to a minimum annual purchase, a defined territory, a fixed term, and an automatic reversion to non-exclusive if the volume is missed, and put it in writing before the first order rather than after. Be careful with requests for exclusivity before any trading history, and be careful about registering trademarks or product approvals in the distributor's name rather than your own, because that is difficult and expensive to unwind if the relationship ends.

Question 8

What should a first reply to a buying requirement contain?

Accepted Answer

Answer the buyer's stated quantity, specification and delivery point directly, then give price and currency, the Incoterm with the named port or place, minimum order quantity, packing and units per carton, lead time measured from a stated event, payment terms and how long the offer is valid. Add a short numbered list of anything the requirement left blank that you need in order to firm the price. Do not lead with a company introduction and a catalogue; buyers comparing several suppliers read the numbers first.

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List of Cocoa Beans wholesale buyers, exporters and Traders Nigeria.

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